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A technique for signing transactions on a computer that is not connected to the internet.

A backup that is stored on a separate physical device that is not connected to the internet.

Transactions that occur outside of a blockchain network, but are later settled on the network.

Transactions that occur on a blockchain network.

Software that is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute.

Third-party services that provide off-chain data to smart contracts on a blockchain network.